South Sudan stands at a pivotal crossroads in its nation-building journey, where addressing the ongoing Ruweng land disputes is no longer a matter of local concern but a national imperative. The persistent tensions over territorial boundaries, particularly among the Ruweng, Leek, and Jikany Nuer communities, threaten to undermine the country’s fragile stability. This article examines the historical roots and contemporary dynamics of these disputes, emphasizing the critical roles of historical memory and responsible leadership as pathways to peace and reconciliation. For policymakers, scholars, and the broader public, understanding the urgency and complexity of these issues is essential for crafting sustainable solutions.