The Unfinished Crisis in Gambella: Rethinking the Roots of the Anywaa–Nuer ConflictBeyond Simplistic Narratives: Structural, Historical, and Political Dynamics Shaping Gambella’s FutureIntroductionThe Gambella region in western Ethiopia has long been the site of recurring tensions and violence between the Anywaa and Nuer peoples. While the conflict is often portrayed as an age-old ethnic feud or reduced to competition over resources, such simplistic narratives obscure the deeper, intertwined structural, historical, and political forces at play. This article seeks to move beyond these surface explanations, offering a comprehensive analysis of the roots of the Anywaa–Nuer conflict. It explores the contrasting worldviews of the two communities, the legacy of colonial-era borders, demographic shifts, the impact of Ethiopia’s ethnic federalism, questions of identity and citizenship, the influence of neighboring South Sudan, and concludes with policy recommendations aimed at fostering sustainable peace and integration in Gambella.Historical Background: Legacies of DivisionPre-colonial RelationsPrior to colonial interventions, the Anywaa and Nuer coexisted within a fluid landscape shaped by seasonal migrations, intermarriage, and shared use of resources. While tensions and competition did occur, mechanisms for negotiation and accommodation often prevented the escalation of violence. Understanding this history is crucial for dispelling the myth that conflict is an inevitable outcome of ethnic difference in the region.Colonial Border Creation and Its AftermathThe late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the imposition of new borders by British and Ethiopian authorities, arbitrarily dividing communities and transforming local dynamics. The delineation of the Ethiopia-Sudan border, in particular, cut across Anywaa and Nuer homelands, undermining traditional governance and exacerbating competition over land and identity. These externally imposed boundaries continue to shape inter-group relations and identities, fueling disputes over belonging and citizenship to this day.Contrasting Worldviews: Land, Mobility, and BelongingThe Anywaa and Nuer possess distinct worldviews rooted in their respective relationships to land and mobility. The Anywaa are predominantly sedentary, viewing land as an inherited, inalienable resource central to their identity and survival. In contrast, the Nuer have historically practiced transhumant pastoralism, with mobility as a core cultural value. These divergent perspectives have profound implications for notions of belonging, land rights, and political representation. The expansion of Nuer communities into Anywaa-settled areas, especially under conditions of state weakness or displacement, is often perceived by the Anywaa as existential encroachment, while the Nuer see mobility as a legitimate survival strategy.Demographic Dynamics: Migration, Myths, and FearsDemographic changes in Gambella are frequently cited as a source of tension, but the drivers and realities are more complex than commonly assumed. Migration into the region—driven by conflict, environmental pressures, and government policies—has altered the ethnic composition, amplifying perceptions of threat among the Anywaa. Myths regarding Nuer demographic dominance and political favoritism circulate widely, reinforcing existential fears and hardening group boundaries. However, such narratives often obscure the agency and diversity within both communities, as well as the role of state policies in shaping migration patterns and local governance.Ethnic Federalism and Governance: Restructuring Power, Reproducing ResentmentEthiopia’s experiment with ethnic federalism was intended to empower minority groups and manage diversity through decentralized governance. In Gambella, however, the reorganization of administrative boundaries and the allocation of political offices along ethnic lines have had mixed results. While some groups have gained recognition and autonomy, others perceive exclusion and marginalization. The competition for state resources, positions, and recognition has at times deepened resentment, creating a cycle where ethnic identity becomes both a tool and a target in political struggles. Efforts to accommodate diversity have thus inadvertently reinforced divisions and fueled grievances, rather than fostering genuine integration.Identity, Citizenship, and Integration: Complexities and ContestationsThe boundaries between “citizen” and “refugee” in Gambella are often blurred, given the region’s proximity to South Sudan and history of displacement. State efforts to distinguish between indigenous residents, migrants, and refugees have struggled to keep pace with local realities, leading to confusion, contestation, and at times, exclusionary practices. Local perceptions of identity and belonging are shaped not only by legal status, but also by narratives of history, land use, and political power. These complexities challenge the state’s capacity to foster inclusive citizenship and equitable governance, perpetuating cycles of mistrust and insecurity.South Sudan’s Role: Cross-border Dynamics and Policy AmbiguityThe porous border with South Sudan and the ongoing instability in that country have direct consequences for Gambella. Cross-border movement of people, arms, and ideas complicates efforts to manage security and identity in the region. Additionally, the ambiguous status of Nuer and Anywaa populations with kin across the border blurs the lines of national belonging and complicates Ethiopian state policy. South Sudan’s internal conflicts frequently spill over, exacerbating local tensions and shaping perceptions of threat and solidarity within Gambella.Toward Sustainable Solutions: Policy Recommendations• Promote Inclusive Governance: Move beyond ethnic allocation of administrative positions by fostering cross-ethnic political coalitions and participatory decision-making processes at the regional and local levels.• Rethink Ethnic Federalism: Initiate dialogue on the unintended consequences of ethnic federalism in Gambella, exploring alternative models that balance group recognition with incentives for cooperation and integration.• Address Demographic Realities: Develop transparent, data-driven policies to manage migration and settlement, accompanied by conflict-sensitive land use planning that acknowledges both historical claims and current realities.• Strengthen Citizenship and Integration: Reform administrative processes to ensure fair and transparent pathways to citizenship and access to services for all residents, regardless of origin, while combating exclusionary narratives and practices.• Enhance Security Cooperation: Coordinate with South Sudanese authorities and international partners to address cross-border insecurity, arms flows, and displacement, while investing in community-based conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms.• Invest in Peacebuilding and Dialogue: Support initiatives that promote inter-group understanding, address historical grievances, and build shared visions of the future, leveraging the experiences and aspirations of youth, women, and civil society actors.Conclusion: Toward a Shared Vision for GambellaThe crisis in Gambella is not a product of immutable ethnic animosities, but the outcome of complex historical, structural, and political processes. Addressing the unfinished crisis requires moving beyond oversimplified narratives and embracing the region’s diversity as a source of strength rather than division. By rethinking governance, citizenship, and regional integration, and by fostering inclusive dialogue and cooperation, stakeholders can lay the groundwork for a more just and peaceful future in Gambella. Genuine transformation will depend on the willingness of all actors—local, national, and international—to engage with the deeper roots of conflict and work toward a shared vision of belonging and prosperity.